ppp9494 / chi_abstracts

CHI Abstracts

Scrapes scholar.google.com

Google Scholar


Last run completed successfully .

Console output of last run

https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig Morph internal error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8 Stopping current container and requeueing https://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authorshttps://scholar.google.com/citations?mauthors=label%3Ahuman_computer_interaction&hl=en&view_op=search_authors <!doctype html><head><title>Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}#gs_top{position:relative;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:300px;}body,td{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png);width:21px;height:21px;font-size:0;}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}#gs_ftr{margin:32px 0 0 0;text-align:center;clear:both;}#gs_ftr a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px;padding:7px 0 8px 0;}#gs_ftr a:link,#gs_ftr a:visited{color:#1a0dab}#gs_ftr a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_in_txt{color:black;background:white;font-size:16px;height:23px;line-height:normal;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border:1px solid #b9b9b9;border-top:1px solid #a0a0a0;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_txte,.gs_in_txte:hover{border:1px solid #DD4B39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border:1px solid #4d90fe;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);}input.gs_mini{font-size:13px;height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_el_tc input.gs_mini{height:21px}.gs_in_txtf{margin-right:16px}.gs_in_txtm{margin-right:14px}.gs_in_txtf .gs_in_txt,.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;}button{position:relative; z-index:1; -moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;height:29px;min-width:72px;overflow:visible;color:#444;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f5f5f5),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f5f5f5,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all .218s;-moz-transition:all .218s;-o-transition:all .218s;transition:all .218s;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button .gs_wr{line-height:27px;}button.gs_btn_mini{min-width:26px;height:26px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_wr{line-height:24px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}>. }}.gs_btn_slt{-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;-moz-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;-moz-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#f8f8f8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f8f8f8),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f8f8f8,#f1f1f1);-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}button.gs_sel{color:#333;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#e8e8e8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#eee),to(#e0e0e0));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#eee,#e0e0e0);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#eee,#e0e0e0);}button:active{z-index:2;color:#333;background-color:#f6f6f6;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#f6f6f6),to(#f1f1f1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#f6f6f6,#f1f1f1);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button:focus{z-index:2;outline:none;border:1px solid #4d90fe;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button .gs_lbl{padding:0px 8px;}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:5px 0 6px 0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_mini{height:24px;line-height:24px;padding:0;}a .gs_lbl,button .gs_lbl{vertical-align:baseline;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{padding-left:29px;}button.gs_btn_mini .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_half .gs_lbl,button.gs_btn_eml .gs_lbl{padding:11px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{padding:11px;font-size:0;visibility:hidden;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:2px;left:8px;}.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:2px;}.gs_btn_half .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_ico{left:7px}.gs_btn_eml .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_ico{left:25px}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{top:3px;left:0}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px}.gs_el_tc a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px}a.gs_btn_mini .gs_ico{top:1px;left:0}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid #3079ed;background-color:#4d90fe;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#4787ed));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#4787ed);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#4787ed);}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #2f5bb7;background-color:#357ae8;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#357ae8));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#357ae8);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#357ae8);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{border:1px solid #24468c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#2f6bcc;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6bcc));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6bcc);}button.gs_btnG{width:70px;min-width:0;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;border:1px solid transparent;background-color:#d14836;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#d14836));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#d14836);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#d14836);}button.gs_btn_cre .gs_lbl{text-transform:uppercase;text-shadow:0px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;border:1px solid #b0281a;border-bottom:1px solid #af301f;background-color:#c53727;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#c53727));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#c53727);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#c53727);-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{border:1px solid #a62618;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);background-color:#992b1e;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#992b1e));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#992b1e);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#992b1e);}button.gs_btn_act:focus,button.gs_btn_cre:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.5);}button.gs_btn_act:focus{border-color:#404040;}button.gs_btn_cre:focus{border-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_act:active{border:1px solid #315da3;background-color:#2f6de1;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#4d90fe),to(#2f6de1));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#4d90fe,#2f6de1);}button.gs_btn_cre:active{border:1px solid #992a1b;background-color:#b0281a;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#dd4b39),to(#b0281a));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top,#dd4b39,#b0281a);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,#dd4b39,#b0281a);}button.gs_btn_act:active,button.gs_btn_cre:active{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}button.gs_bsp,button.gs_bsp:hover,button.gs_bsp:active,button.gs_bsp:focus,button.gs_dis,button.gs_dis:hover,button.gs_dis:active{color:#b8b8b8;border:1px solid #f3f3f3;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05);background:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#98bcf6;background:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_dis{color:white;border-color:#d8948d;background:#e8a49b;}button.gs_dis:active:not(#x){-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);z-index:2;}a.gs_dis{cursor:default}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;-o-transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{-webkit-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-moz-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;-o-transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#2a2a2a;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:7px 9px;background:#2a2a2a;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{-ms-touch-action:none;touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl{padding-left:8px;padding-right:22px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:8px;right:8px;width:7px;height:11px;margin:0;background-position:-63px -115px;}a.gs_in_se .gs_icm{background-position:-100px -26px;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -110px;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm,.gs_in_se .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_in_se :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -26px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{height:7px;background-position:-63px -119px;}.gs_btn_mnu:hover .gs_icm{background-position:-166px -114px;}.gs_btn_mnu:active .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm:active{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mnu :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-89px -30px;}.gs_btn_mn2 .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:hover .gs_icm,.gs_btn_mn2:active .gs_icm{top:10px;height:5px;background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_btn_mn2 :active~.gs_icm{background-position:-180px -132px;}.gs_md_se,.gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:white;-webkit-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);-moz-box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100; display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .13s;-moz-transition:opacity .13s;-o-transition:opacity .13s;transition:opacity .13s;}.gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:all 0s;-moz-transition:all 0s;-o-transition:all 0s;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-moz-transform-origin:100% 0;-o-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0;-webkit-transform:scale(1,0);-moz-transform:scale(1,0);-o-transform:scale(1,0);transform:scale(1,0);-webkit-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-webkit-transform 0s .218s;-moz-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-moz-transform: 0s .218s;-o-transition:opacity .218s ease-out,-o-transform: 0s .218s;transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_se,.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wn,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_ios .gs_md_wp{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttss,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttss{-webkit-transform:scale(0,1);-moz-transform:scale(0,1);-o-transform:scale(0,1);transform:scale(0,1);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_ttzi,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_ttzi{-webkit-transform-origin:50% 50%;-moz-transform-origin:50% 50%;-o-transform-origin:50% 50%;transform-origin:50% 50%;-webkit-transform:scale(0,0);-moz-transform:scale(0,0);-o-transform:scale(0,0);transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se.gs_vis,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wn.gs_vis,.gs_el_ph.gs_el_tc .gs_md_wp.gs_vis{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);-moz-transform:scale(1,1);-o-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .218s ease-out;-moz-transition:-moz-transform .218s ease-out;-o-transition:-o-transform .218s ease-out;transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_se{white-space:nowrap}.gs_md_se ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_se li,.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:default;text-decoration:none;background:white;-moz-transition:background .13s;-o-transition:background .13s;-webkit-transition:background .13s;transition:background .13s;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_se li,.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_se li:hover,.gs_md_li:hover,.gs_md_li:focus{background:#f1f1f1;-moz-transition:background 0s;-o-transition:background 0s;-webkit-transition:background 0s;transition:background 0s;}.gs_md_se li.gs_sel{color:#dd4b39}.gs_md_wn:focus,.gs_md_se li:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:14px;height:13px;top:7px;left:27px;background-position:-152px -68px;}button .gs_bsc{position:absolute;top:0;right:50%;width:25px;}button .gs_bs{background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;position:relative;height:25px;width:25px;left:50%;display:none;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{display:block;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover,a.gs_in_cb.gs_dis:active .gs_lbl{cursor:default;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-webkit-touch-callout:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;-moz-opacity:0;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0);-ms-filter:"alpha(opacity=0)";z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;-webkit-border-radius:1px;-moz-border-radius:1px;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;width:15px;height:15px;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -42px -110px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:not(#x){background:transparent;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;-webkit-border-radius:7px;-moz-border-radius:7px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{background-position:-187px -89px;}.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-moz-box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:inset 0px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.gs_in_cb:focus .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb :focus~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :focus~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#4d90fe;}.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx:not(#x),.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx:not(#x){border-color:#666;background:#ebebeb;}.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;background:transparent;}.gs_in_ra.gs_dis .gs_cbx{background-position:-130px -89px;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis label,.gs_in_ra.gs_dis label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1; top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:10px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk{ background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{-webkit-border-radius:4px;-moz-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;background:#666;}.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -89px;}.gs_in_ra.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -166px -131px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/sprite.png) -188px -265px;}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_dis.gs_sel .gs_chk{background-position:-209px -67px;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-166px -26px;}.gs_ico_X:hover{background-position:-131px 0;}.gs_ico_X:active{background-position:0 -63px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt:not(#x){-webkit-background-origin:content;background-origin:content-box;-webkit-background-clip:content;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-68px -47px;}.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 0;}.gs_btnPL:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPL .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPL :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-89px -58px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPL:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-84px -152px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-131px -47px;}.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico{background-position:0 -126px;}.gs_btnPR:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnPR .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnPR :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-110px -68px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico.gs_ico_dis,.gs_btnPR:hover .gs_ico_dis{background-position:-105px -152px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:0 -173px;}.gs_btnDE:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -173px;}.gs_btnDE:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnDE .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnDE :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-42px -173px;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-63px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:hover .gs_ico{background-position:-84px -173px;}.gs_btnBA:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnBA .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnBA :active~.gs_ico{background-position:-105px -173px;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;z-index:900; height:72px;white-space:nowrap;clear:both; }.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr{height:58px;}#gs_hdr_bg{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;z-index:-1;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_bg{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:71px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;margin-left:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:17px;margin-left:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl{top:10px;margin-left:16px;}#gs_hdr_lt .gs_ico_ggl a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_md{position:relative;height:29px;vertical-align:top;margin-left:220px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:140px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:8px;padding-top:9px;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:94px;max-width:567px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm{margin-right:43px;max-width:736px;}#gs_hdr_frm_in{position:relative;display:inline-block;z-index:10;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in{display:block;margin-right:16px;width:auto;}#gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{vertical-align:top;width:537px;padding-right:25px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:556px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{width:100%;padding-left:8px;padding-right:6px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_in_txt{height:34px;font-size:18px;line-height:30px;-webkit-border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_arw,.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_arw{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsb{vertical-align:top;margin:0 17px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:-85px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb{right:-35px;width:36px;height:40px;-webkit-border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:28px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ico{left:11px;top:12px;}#gs_hdr_rt{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:29px;line-height:27px;color:#666;margin-right:44px;padding-top:20px;}.gs_el_me #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_rt{margin-right:16px;padding-top:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_rt{display:none;}#gs_hdr_rt a:link,#gs_hdr_rt a:visited{color:#666}#gs_hdr_rt a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_ico_ggl{width:117px;height:71px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_md_2011.png');}.gs_el_sm .gs_ico_ggl,.gs_el_me .gs_ico_ggl{width:95px;height:37px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_sm_2011.png');}.gs_el_ph .gs_ico_ggl{display:none}#gs_ab{position:relative;z-index:800;height:57px;border-bottom:1px solid #DEDEDE;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab{height:43px}#gs_ab_na{position:absolute;color:#DD4B39;text-decoration:none;top:17px;font-size:20px;margin-left:43px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_na{margin-left:27px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_na{top:13px;font-size:16px;margin-left:15px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na{padding-left:8px;margin-left:7px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na{top:12px;font-size:18px;padding-left:8px;margin-left:0;}#gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:none;position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:8px;height:21px;background-position:-214px -89px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_na .gs_ico{top:0;left:-2px;}#gs_ab_md{position:absolute;color:#999;top:23px;margin-left:229px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_md{margin-left:169px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md{top:16px;margin-left:149px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_md{margin-left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:none;}#gs_ab_md button{position:relative;top:-9px;margin-right:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_md button{margin-right:8px}#gs_ab_rt{position:relative;float:right;padding-top:14px;padding-right:44px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:28px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt{padding-top:7px;padding-right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_rt{padding-right:8px;}#gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:8px}.gs_el_tc #gs_ab_rt button{margin-left:16px}#gs_bdy{position:relative;z-index:500;clear:both; margin-top:21px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_lnv{position:absolute;top:1px;left:0;width:204px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv{width:144px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv{width:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv{display:none}#gs_lnv ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word}#gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:39px}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv .gs_pad{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv .gs_ind,#gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:4px}.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_lnv .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0}#gs_lnv .gs_hr{border-bottom:1px solid #efefef;margin:14px 4px 14px 0;}#gs_lnv a:link,#gs_lnv a:visited{color:#222}#gs_lnv a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_lnv a.gs_in_cb:active{color:#222}#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:link,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:visited,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:active,#gs_lnv li.gs_sel a:hover{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}#gs_lnv_pri li{line-height:0}#gs_lnv_pri a{display:block;padding:7px 0 6px 39px;line-height:16px;outline:none;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:28px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri a{padding-left:16px}#gs_lnv_pri a:hover,#gs_lnv_pri a:focus{text-decoration:none;background:#eeeeee}#gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{border-left:5px solid #dd4b39;padding-left:34px;}.gs_el_me #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:23px}.gs_el_sm #gs_lnv_pri .gs_sel a{padding-left:11px}#gs_ccl{position:relative;padding:0 8px;margin-left:212px;}.gs_el_me #gs_ccl{margin-left:152px}.gs_el_sm #gs_ccl{margin-left:132px}.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl{margin:0}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_tsb .gs_ttp{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_lnv,.gs_el_ph #gs_lnv{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ccl{margin-left:0;}#gsc_lnv_ui{text-align:center;margin-bottom:16px;}#gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:120px;height:auto;}.gs_el_me #gsc_lnv_ui img,.gs_el_sm #gsc_lnv_ui img{max-width:100px;}.gsc_lnv_addl{text-align:right;padding:0 8px;color:#777777;min-width:60px;}#gsc_ab_btns{position:absolute;top:14px;left:220px;height:29px;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_btns{left:160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_btns{left:140px;top:7px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns{left:127px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns{left:auto;right:0;}#gsc_ab_btns button{vertical-align:top;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns button{margin-right:8px;}.gsc_btn_ddw{position:relative;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_btns .gs_btnBA{display:none}#gsc_ab_rt{position:absolute;top:14px;left:0;width:1082px;z-index:-1;}.gs_el_me #gsc_ab_rt{width:1024px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ab_rt{top:7px;width:936px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;max-width:828px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rt{width:100%;display:none;}#gsc_ab_rti{float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ab_rti,.gs_el_ph #gsc_ab_rti{margin-right:8px;}#gsc_ccl{width:862px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl{width:794px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_ccl{width:auto;max-width:794px;margin:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_ccl{width:auto;}.gsc_art_mm{font-size:24px;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;margin:-10px 0 0 4px;position:relative;top:8px;}#gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:24px 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_authors_bottom_pag{margin:16px 0;}.gsc_1usr{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr{margin-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr{padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_1usr_name{font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gsc_1usr_name a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gsc_1usr_photo{float:left;width:120px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo{width:100px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo{width:75px;margin-right:12px;}.gsc_1usr_photo img{vertical-align:top;max-width:120px;height:auto;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:100px;max-height:120px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_photo img{max-width:75px;max-height:100px;}.gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:136px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:116px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:87px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_text{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_aff,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_cby{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gsc_1usr_emlb,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_eml{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_emlb{display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_int{clear:left;padding-top:8px;}.gsc_co_int{line-height:23px;margin-right:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_co_int{line-height:19px;}.gsc_1usr_ops{float:right;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops{float:left;clear:both;width:75px;margin:0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops{float:rig ht;width:150px;margin-left:12px;}.gsc_1usr_ops form{margin:0 0 16px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_ops form{margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_s .gsc_1usr_ops form{margin:12px 0 0 0;}.gsc_1usr_ops button{min-width:100%;}.gsc_1usr_opsa{word-wrap:break-word;display:block;padding:6px 0;text-align:center;margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_opsa{margin:0;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}.gsc_1usr_opsa:link,.gsc_1usr_opsa:visited{color:#1a0dab;}.gsc_1usr_opsa:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_opsa:hover,.gs_el_ph .gsc_1usr_opsa:active{background:#f1f1f1;text-decoration:none;}</style><script>var gs_ie_ver=100;</script><!--[if lte IE 8]><script>gs_ie_ver=8;</script><![endif]--><script>function gs_id(i){return document.getElementById(i)}function gs_ch(e,t){return e?e.getElementsByTagName(t):[]}function gs_ech(e){return e.children||e.childNodes}function gs_atr(e,a){return e.getAttribute(a)}function gs_hatr(e,a){var n=e.getAttributeNode(a);return n&&n.specified}function gs_xatr(e,a,v){e.setAttribute(a,v)}function gs_uatr(e,a){e.removeAttribute(a)}function gs_catr(e,a,v){gs_hatr(e,a)&&gs_xatr(e,a,v)}function gs_ctai(e,v){gs_hatr(e,"tabindex")&&(e.tabIndex=v)}function gs_uas(s){return (navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(s)>=0}var gs_is_tc=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(window.location.search||""),gs_is_ios=gs_uas("iPhone")||gs_uas("iPod")||gs_uas("iPad");if(gs_is_tc){gs_is_tc=parseInt(gs_is_tc[1]);}else if(window.matchMedia&&matchMedia("(pointer),(-moz-touch-enabled),(-moz-touch-enabled:0)").matches){gs_is_tc=matchMedia("(pointer:coarse),(-moz-touch-enabled)").matches;}else{gs_is_tc=gs_is_ios||gs_uas("Android")||gs_uas("Windows Phone")||gs_uas("BlackBerry")||(gs_uas("AppleWebKit")&&(gs_uas("Mobile")||gs_uas("Tablet")))||gs_uas("Opera Mini")||gs_uas("Opera Mobi")||gs_uas("IEMobile")||('ontouchstart' in window)||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0;}var gs_re_sp=/\s+/,gs_re_sel=/(?:^|\s)gs_sel(?!\S)/g,gs_re_par=/(?:^|\s)gs_par(?!\S)/g,gs_re_dis=/(?:^|\s)gs_dis(?!\S)/g,gs_re_vis=/(?:^|\s)gs_vis(?!\S)/g,gs_re_bsp=/(?:^|\s)gs_bsp(?!\S)/g,gs_re_err=/(?:^|\s)gs_err(?!\S)/g,gs_re_cb=/(?:^|\s)gs_in_cb(?!\S)/,gs_re_ra=/(?:^|\s)gs_in_ra(?!\S)/;function gs_xcls(e,c){gs_scls(e,e.className+" "+c)}function gs_ucls(e,r){gs_scls(e,e.className.replace(r,""))}function gs_scls(e,c){return e.className!=c&&(e.className=c,true)}function gs_usel(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_sel)}function gs_xsel(e){gs_usel(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_sel")}function gs_tsel(e){return e.className.match(gs_re_sel)}function gs_isel(e){(gs_tsel(e)?gs_usel:gs_xsel)(e)}function gs_upar(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_par)}function gs_xpar(e){gs_upar(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_par")}function gs_udis(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_dis)}function gs_xdis(e){gs_udis(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_dis")}function gs_tdis(e){return e.className.match(gs_re_dis)}function gs_uvis(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_vis)}function gs_xvis(e){gs_uvis(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_vis")}function gs_ubsp(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_bsp)}function gs_xbsp(e){gs_ubsp(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_bsp")}function gs_uerr(e){gs_ucls(e,gs_re_err)}function gs_xerr(e){gs_uerr(e);gs_xcls(e,"gs_err")}var gs_gcs=window.getComputedStyle?function(e){return getComputedStyle(e,null)}:function(e){return e.currentStyle};var gs_ctd=function(){var s=document.documentElement.style,p,l=['OT','MozT','webkitT','t'],i=l.length;function f(s){return Math.max.apply(null,(s||"").split(",").map(parseFloat))||0;}do{p=l[--i]+'ransition'}while(i&&!(p in s));return i?function(e){var s=gs_gcs(e);return f(s[p+"Delay"])+f(s[p+"Duration"]);}:function(){return 0};}();function gs_vis(e,v,c){var s=e&&e.style,n="webkitTransitionEnd",h,f;if(s){gs_catr(e,"aria-hidden",v?"false":"true");if(v){s.display=v===2?"inline":"block";gs_ctd(e);gs_xvis(e);h=function(){e.removeEventListener(n,h,false);var t=pageYOffset+e.getBoundingClientRect().bottom,x=gs_id("gs_top");t>x.offsetHeight&&(x.style.minHeight=t+"px");};f=gs_ctd(e);"on"+n.toLowerCase() in window&&f&&e.addEventListener(n,h,false);c&&(f?setTimeout(c,1000*f):c());}else{gs_uvis(e);h=function(){s.display="none";var x=gs_id("gs_top").style;x.minHeight&&(x.minHeight="");c&&c();};f=gs_ctd(e);f?setTimeout(h,1000*f):h();}}}function gs_visi(i,v,c){gs_vis(gs_id(i),v,c)}function gs_sel_clk(p,t){var l=gs_ch(gs_id(p),"li"),i=l.length,c,x,s;while(i--){if((c=gs_ch(x=l[i],"a")).length){s=c[0]===t;(s?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(x);gs_catr(c[0],"aria-selected",s?"true":"false");}}return false;}function gs_efl(f){if(typeof f=="string"){var c=f.charAt(0),x=f.slice(1);if(c==="#")f=function(t){return t.id===x};else if(c===".")f=function(t){return (" "+t.className+" ").indexOf(" "+x+" ")>=0};else{c=f.toLowerCase();f=function(t){return t.nodeName.toLowerCase()===c};}}return f;}function gs_dfcn(d){return (d?"last":"first")+"Child"}function gs_dnsn(d){return (d?"previous":"next")+"Sibling"}var gs_trv=function(){function h(r,x,f,s,n,c){var t,p;while(x){if(x.nodeType===1){if(f(x)){if(c)return x;}else{for(p=x[s];p;p=p[n])if(t=h(p,p,f,s,n,1))return t;}}c=1;while(1){if(x===r)return;p=x.parentNode;if(x=x[n])break;x=p;}}}return function(r,x,f,d){return h(r,x,gs_efl(f),gs_dfcn(d),gs_dnsn(d))};}();function gs_bind(){var a=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),f=a.shift();return function(){return f.apply(null,a.concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments)))};}var gs_evt1=window.addEventListener?function(e,n,f){e.addEventListener(n,f,false)}:function(e,n,f){e.attachEvent("on"+n,f)};function gs_evt(e,n,f){if(typeof n==="string")gs_evt1(e,n,f);else for(var i=n.length;i--;)gs_evt1(e,n[i],f);}function gs_evt_all(l,n,f){for(var i=l.length;i--;){gs_evt(l[i],n,gs_bind(f,l[i]))}}function gs_evt_dlg(p,c,n,f){p!==c&&(c=gs_efl(c));gs_evt(p,n,p===c?function(e){f(p,e)}:function(e){var t=gs_evt_tgt(e);while(t){if(c(t))return f(t,e);if(t===p)return;t=t.parentNode;}});}function gs_evt_sms(v){var L=[],l=["mousedown","click"],i=l.length;function s(e){for(var l=L,n=l.length,i=0,x=e.clientX,y=e.clientY;i<n;i+=2){if(Math.abs(x-l[i])<10&&Math.abs(y-l[i+1])<10){gs_evt_ntr(e);break;}}}while(i--)document.addEventListener(l[i],s,true);gs_evt_sms=function(e){var l=e.changedTouches||[],h=l[0]||{};L.push(h.clientX,h.clientY);setTimeout(function(){L.splice(0,2)},2000);};gs_evt_sms(v);v=0;}function gs_evt_clk(e,f,w,k){return gs_evt_dlg_clk(e,e,function(t,e){f(e)},w,k);}function gs_evt_dlg_clk(p,c,f,w,k){k=","+(k||[13,32]).join(",")+",";return gs_evt_dlg_xclk(p,c,function(t,e){if(e.type=="keydown"){if(k.indexOf(","+e.keyCode+",")<0)return;gs_evt_ntr(e);}f(t,e);},w);}var gs_evt_cl=["touchstart","touchend","touchcancel","mousedown","keydown","keyup","click"];function gs_evt_xclk(e,f,w){return gs_evt_dlg_xclk(e,e,function(t,e){f(e)},w);}function gs_evt_dlg_xclk(p,c,f,w){var T,S=0,X=0,Y=0,O=0,V=0;function u(t,e){var n=e.type,h,l;if(t!==T){T=t;S=0;}if(!gs_evt_spk(e)){if(n==="mousedown"){if(w!==2)return S=0;S=1;}else if(n==="click"){if(S){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}}else if(n==="touchstart"&&w){if(e.timeStamp-V<200){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}if(w===2){S=0;}else{if((l=e.touches).length!==1)return S=-3;h=l[0];X=h.pageX;Y=h.pageY;O=pageYOffset;return S=3;}}else if(n==="touchcancel"){return S=0;}else if(n==="touchend"&&w){gs_evt_sms(e);V=e.timeStamp;if(w===2){gs_evt_ntr(e);return S=0;}if(S!==3||(l=e.changedTouches).length!==1||Math.abs(X-(h=l[0]).pageX)>10||Math.abs(Y-h.pageY)>10||Math.abs(O-pageYOffset)>1){return S=(e.touches.length?-4:0);}S=0;}else if(n==="keydown"){f(t,e);return;}else if(n==="keyup"){e.keyCode===32&&gs_evt_pdf(e);return;}else{return}gs_evt_ntr(e);f(t,e);}}gs_evt_dlg(p,c,w?gs_evt_cl:["click","keydown","keyup"],u);return u;}function gs_evt_inp(e,f){gs_evt(e,["input","keyup","cut","paste","change"],function(){setTimeout(f,0)});}function gs_evt_fcs(e,f){e.addEventListener("focus",f,true)}function gs_evt_blr(e,f){e.addEventListener("blur",f,true)}if("onfocusin" in document){gs_evt_fcs=function(e,f){gs_evt(e,"focusin",f)};gs_evt_blr=function(e,f){gs_evt(e,"focusout",f)};}function gs_evt_stp(e){e.cancelBubble=true;e.stopPropagation&&e.stopPropagation();return false;}function gs_evt_pdf(e){e.returnValue=false;e.preventDefault&&e.preventDefault();}function gs_evt_ntr(e){gs_evt_stp(e);gs_evt_pdf(e);}function gs_evt_tgt(e){var t=e.target||e.srcElement;t&&t.nodeType===3&&(t=t.parentNode);return t;}function gs_evt_spk(e){return e.ctrlKey||e.altKey||e.metaKey||e.shiftKey}function gs_tfcs(t){if(!gs_is_tc||(gs_uas("Windows")&&!gs_uas("IEMobile"))){t.focus();t.value=t.value;}}var gs_raf=window.requestAnimationFrame||window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame||window.mozRequestAnimationFrame||function(c){setTimeout(c,33)};var gs_evt_rdy=function(){var d=document,l=[],h=function(){var n=l.length,i=0;while(i<n)l[i++]();l=[];};gs_evt(d,"DOMContentLoaded",h);gs_evt(d,"readystatechange",function(){var s=d.readyState;(s=="complete"||(s=="interactive"&&gs_id("gs_rdy")))&&h();});gs_evt(window,"load",h);return function(f){l.push(f)};}();function gs_evt_raf(e,n){var l=[],t=0,h=function(){var x=l,n=x.length,i=0;while(i<n)x[i++]();t=0;};return function(f){l.length||gs_evt(e,n,function(){!t++&&gs_raf(h)});l.push(f);};}var gs_evt_wsc=gs_evt_raf(window,"scroll"),gs_evt_wre=gs_evt_raf(window,"resize");var gs_md_st=[],gs_md_lv={},gs_md_fc={},gs_md_if,gs_md_is=0;function gs_md_ifc(d,f){gs_md_fc[d]=f}function gs_md_sif(){gs_md_if=1;setTimeout(function(){gs_md_if=0},0);}function gs_md_plv(n){var l=gs_md_lv,x=0;while(n&&!x){x=l[n.id]||0;n=n.parentNode;}return x;}gs_evt(document,"click",function(e){var m=gs_md_st.length;if(m&&!gs_evt_spk(e)&&m>gs_md_plv(gs_evt_tgt(e))){(gs_md_st.pop())();gs_evt_pdf(e);}});gs_evt(document,"keydown",function(e){e.keyCode==27&&!gs_evt_spk(e)&&gs_md_st.length&&(gs_md_st.pop())();});gs_evt(document,"selectstart",function(e){gs_md_is&&gs_evt_pdf(e)});gs_evt_fcs(document,function(e){var l=gs_md_lv,m=gs_md_st.length,x,k,v,d;if(m&&!gs_md_if){x=gs_md_plv(gs_evt_tgt(e));while(x<m){v=0;for(k in l)l.hasOwnProperty(k)&&l[k]>v&&(v=l[d=k]);if(v=gs_md_fc[d]){gs_evt_stp(e);gs_id(v).focus();break;}else{(gs_md_st.pop())(1);--m;!gs_md_is++&&setTimeout(function(){gs_md_is=0},1000);}}}});function gs_md_cls(d,e){var x=gs_md_lv[d]||1e6;while(gs_md_st.length>=x)(gs_md_st.pop())();return gs_evt_stp(e);}function gs_md_shw(d,e,o,c){if(!gs_md_lv[d]){var x=gs_md_plv(gs_id(d));while(gs_md_st.length>x)(gs_md_st.pop())();o&&o();gs_md_st.push(function(u){gs_md_lv[d]=0;c&&c(u);});gs_md_lv[d]=gs_md_st.length;return gs_evt_stp(e);}}function gs_md_opn(d,e,c,z){var a=document.activeElement;return gs_md_shw(d,e,gs_bind(gs_visi,d,1),function(u){gs_visi(d,0,z);try{u||a.focus()}catch(_){}c&&c(u);});}function gs_evt_md_mnu(d,b,f,a,w){var O,X;d=gs_id(d);b=gs_id(b);f=f?gs_efl(f):function(t){return (gs_hatr(t,"data-a")||t.nodeName==="A"&&t.href)&&t.offsetWidth;};a=a||function(t){var c=gs_atr(t,"data-a");c?eval(c):t.nodeName==="A"&&t.href&&(location=t.href);};function u(e){if(e.type=="keydown"){var k=e.keyCode;if(k==38||k==40){if(O){try{gs_trv(d,d,f,k==38).focus()}catch(_){}gs_evt_ntr(e);return;}}else if(k!=13&&k!=32){return;}gs_evt_pdf(e);}if(O){gs_md_cls(d.id,e);}else{gs_md_sif();O=1;gs_xsel(b);gs_md_opn(d.id,e,function(){O=0;gs_usel(b);try{X.blur()}catch(_){}});w&&w();}}function c(x,r){var p=x.parentNode,c=gs_ech(p),i=c.length,l="offsetLeft";if(p!==d){while(c[--i]!==x);p=p[gs_dnsn(r)]||p.parentNode[gs_dfcn(r)];c=gs_ech(p);if(i=Math.min(i+1,c.length)){p=c[i-1];if(p.nodeType==1&&f(p)&&p[l]!=x[l])return p;}}}function g(t,e){function m(x){if(x){gs_evt_ntr(e);x.focus();}}if(O){if(e.type=="keydown"){var k=e.keyCode;if(k==13||k==32){}else{if(k==38||k==40){m(gs_trv(d,t,f,k==38)||gs_trv(d,d,f,k==38));}else if(k==37||k==39){m(c(t,k==37));}return;}}gs_md_cls(d.id,e);gs_evt_pdf(e);gs_md_sif();a(t);}}gs_evt_xclk(b,u,2);gs_evt_fcs(d,function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e);if(x&&f(x)){gs_ctai(x,0);X=x;}});gs_evt_blr(d,function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e);if(x&&f(x)){gs_ctai(x,-1);X=0;}});gs_evt_dlg_xclk(d,f,g,1);return u;}function gs_evt_dlg_md_mnu(p,d,b,f,a,w){var r={};gs_evt_dlg(p,function(t){return d(t.id)},gs_evt_cl,function(t,e){var x=t.id;r[x]=r[x]||gs_evt_md_mnu(d(x),x,f,a,w)(e)||1;});}function gs_evt_md_sel(d,b,h,c,s,u){h=gs_id(h);c=gs_id(c);s=gs_id(s);return gs_evt_md_mnu(d,b,function(t){return gs_hatr(t,"data-v")},function(t){h.innerHTML=t.innerHTML;c.value=gs_atr(t,"data-v");if(t!==s){gs_usel(s);gs_uatr(s,"aria-selected");gs_xsel(s=t);gs_xatr(s,"aria-selected","true");}u&&u();},function(){s.focus()});}function gs_xhr(){if(window.XMLHttpRequest)return new XMLHttpRequest();var c=["Microsoft.XMLHTTP","MSXML2.XMLHTTP","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.6.0"],i=c.length;while(i--)try{return new ActiveXObject(c[i])}catch(e){}}function gs_ajax(u,d,c){var r=gs_xhr();r.onreadystatechange=function(){r.readyState==4&&c(r.status,r.responseText);};r.open(d?"POST":"GET",u,true);d&&r.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");d?r.send(d):r.send();}var gs_json_parse="JSON" in window?function(s){return JSON.parse(s)}:function(s){return eval("("+s+")")};function gs_btn_ssp(b,v){� var x=gs_id(b);� (v?gs_xbsp:gs_ubsp)(x);� x.disabled=!!v;}function gs_evt_frm_ajax(f,b,a){var Z=f.elements,H={},x,y,i=Z.length;while(i--){x=Z[i];y=x.nextSibling;if(y&&x.name&&x.type=="text")H[x.name]=y.innerHTML;}function s(e){var p=["json="],n,t,i=Z.length;while(i--){x=Z[i];n=encodeURIComponent(x.name||"");t=x.type;if(n&&!x.disabled&&((t!="checkbox"&&t!="radio")||x.checked)){p.push(n+"="+encodeURIComponent(x.value||""));}}b&&b();gs_ajax(f.action,p.join("&"),function(c,t){if(c!=200){a&&a(c);return}var p=gs_json_parse(t),l=p["L"],g,m;if(l){a&&a(c,p);location=l;return}g=p["E"];for(i in H){x=Z[i];m=g[i];y=x.nextSibling;gs_scls(x,"gs_in_txt"+(m?" gs_in_txte":""));gs_scls(y,"gs_in_txts "+(m?"gs_red":"gs_gray"));y.innerHTML=m||H[i];gs_vis(y,y.innerHTML?1:0);}a&&a(c,p);});e&&gs_evt_pdf(e);};gs_evt(f,"submit",s);return s;}var gs_lst,gs_xlst;if(window.localStorage){gs_lst=function(k){return localStorage[k]};gs_xlst=function(k,v){localStorage[k]=v};}var gs_evt_el=function(W,D,L){function p(){var r=D.documentElement,w=W.innerWidth||r.offsetWidth,h=W.innerHeight||r.offsetHeight,m="",n,i;if(w&&h){if(w<600)m="gs_el_sm gs_el_ph";else if(w<982)m="gs_el_sm gs_el_ta";else if(w<1060||h<590)m="gs_el_sm";else if(w<1252||h<640)m="gs_el_me";gs_is_tc&&(m+=" gs_el_tc");gs_is_ios&&(m+=" gs_el_ios");if(gs_scls(r,m))for(n=L.length,i=0;i<n;)L[i++]();}}p();gs_evt_wre(p);gs_evt(W,["pageshow","load"],p);return function(f){f();L.push(f)};}(window,document,[]);gs_evt(document,["mousedown","touchstart","contextmenu","click"],function(e){var t=gs_evt_tgt(e),a="data-clk",w=window,r=document.documentElement,p="http://scholar.google.com"||"http://"+location.host,n,h,c,u;while(t){n=t.nodeName;if(n==="A"&&(h=gs_ie_ver<=8?t.getAttribute("href",2):gs_atr(t,"href"))&&(c=gs_atr(t,a))){u="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(h)+"&"+c+"&ws="+(w.innerWidth||r.offsetWidth||0)+"x"+(w.innerHeight||r.offsetHeight||0);if(c.indexOf("&scisig=")>0){gs_xatr(t,"href",p+u);gs_uatr(t,a);}else{new Image().src=u;}break;}t=(n==="SPAN"||n==="B"||n==="I"||n==="EM")&&t.parentNode;}});gs_is_ios&&gs_uas("AppleWebKit")&&!gs_uas("CriOS")&&(gs_uas("OS 4_")||gs_uas("OS 5_"))&&(function(){var t=0,v=document.querySelector("meta[name=viewport]");v&&gs_evt(window,"devicemotion",function(e){var a=e.accelerationIncludingGravity,x=Math.abs(a.x),y=Math.abs(a.y),m=x>1&&x>1.3*y&&!(window.orientation%180);m!==t&&gs_xatr(v,'content','width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale='+(m?1:2));t=m;});})();function gs_is_cb(e){var n=e.className||"";return n.match(gs_re_cb)||n.match(gs_re_ra);}function gs_ssel(e){}(function(d){function c(){var v=l,i=v.length,k=p,e,x=gs_id("gs_top");if(x&&!r){gs_evt(x,"click",function(){});r=1;if(!s){clearInterval(t);t=null}}p=i;while(i-->k)gs_is_cb((e=v[i]).parentNode)&&gs_ssel(e);}var s=gs_ie_ver<=8,l=[],p=0,t=setInterval(c,200),r;gs_evt_rdy(function(){c();l=[];clearInterval(t)});if(!s&&gs_is_tc){s=/AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)/.exec(navigator.userAgent||"");s=s&&parseInt(s[1])<535;}if(!s)return;l=gs_ch(d,"input");gs_ssel=function(e){var p=e.parentNode,l,i,r;(e.checked?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(p);if(p.className.match(gs_re_ra)){l=e.form.elements[e.name]||[];for(i=l.length;i--;)((r=l[i]).checked?gs_xsel:gs_usel)(r.parentNode);}};gs_evt(d,"click",function(e){var x=gs_evt_tgt(e),p=x.parentNode;gs_is_cb(p)&&x.nodeName==="INPUT"&&gs_ssel(x);});})(document);</script><script>function gsc_scroll_right(x){x.scrollLeft=x.scrollWidth;}</script></head><body><div id="gs_top"><style>#gs_gb{position:relative;height:30px;background:#2d2d2d;z-index:950;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;}#gs_gb_lt,#gs_gb_rt,#gs_gb_lp{position:absolute;top:0;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_gb_lt{left:34px}.gs_el_me #gs_gb_lt{left:18px}.gs_el_sm #gs_gb_lt{left:6px}.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_lt{display:none}#gs_gb_lp{display:none}#gs_gb_lp:hover,#gs_gb_lp:focus,#gs_gb_lp:active{-webkit-filter:brightness(100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_lp{display:block;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;top:8px;left:8px;width:50px;height:17px;background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/google_logo_tg_2012.png');}#gs_gb_rt{right:36px}.gs_el_me #gs_gb_rt{right:18px}.gs_el_sm #gs_gb_rt{right:6px}.gs_el_ta #gs_gb_rt,.gs_el_ph #gs_gb_rt{right:0}#gs_gb_lt a:link,#gs_gb_lt a:visited,#gs_gb_rt a:link,#gs_gb_rt a:visited{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;height:29px;line-height:27px;padding:2px 10px 0 10px;font-weight:bold;color:#bbb;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;}#gs_gb_rt a:link,#gs_gb_rt a:visited{padding:2px 8px 0 8px}#gs_gb_lt a:hover,#gs_gb_lt a:focus,#gs_gb_lt a:active,#gs_gb_rt a:hover,#gs_gb_rt a:focus,#gs_gb_rt a:active{color:white;outline:none;}#gs_gb_ac{top:30px;left:auto;right:6px;width:288px;white-space:normal;}#gs_gb_aw,#gs_gb_ap,.gs_gb_am,#gs_gb_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;}#gs_gb_aw{background:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_gb_ap,.gs_gb_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_gb_aa:link,#gs_gb_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_gb_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_gb_am:link,.gs_gb_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_gb_am:hover,.gs_gb_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1}.gs_gb_am:active{background:#eee}#gs_gb_ab{background:#fbfbfb;overflow:auto;}#gs_gb_aab{float:left}#gs_gb_aso{float:right}</style><div id="gs_gb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_gb_lt"><a href="//www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&amp;">Web</a><a href="//www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&amp;">Images</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/options/">More&hellip;</a></div><a id="gs_gb_lp" aria-label="Web" href="//www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&"></a><div id="gs_gb_rt"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=https://scholar.google.com/citations%3Fmauthors%3Dlabel%253Ahuman_computer_interaction%26hl%3Den%26view_op%3Dsearch_authors">Sign in</a></div></div><!--[if lte IE 7]><div class="gs_alrt" style="padding:16px"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href="//www.google.com/chrome/">Google Chrome</a> or <a href="//www.mozilla.com/firefox/">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><div id="gs_hdr_bg"></div><div id="gs_hdr_lt"><div class="gs_ico gs_ico_ggl"><a href="/schhp?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" aria-label="Scholar Home"></a></div><div id="gs_hdr_md"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/citations" role="search"><span id="gs_hdr_frm_in"><input type="text" maxlength="2048" size="41" class="gs_in_txt" id="gs_hdr_frm_in_txt" name="mauthors" value="label:human_computer_interaction"></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" aria-label="Search Authors" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_eml"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl"></span><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ttp"><span class="gs_aro"></span><span class="gs_aru"></span><span class="gs_txt">Search Authors</span></span></span></button><input type=hidden name=hl value="en"><input type=hidden name=oe value="ASCII"><input type=hidden name=view_op value="search_authors"></form></div></div></div><style>#gs_alrt_w{position:relative;z-index:1050;display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .3s ease-out;-moz-transition:opacity .3s ease-out;-o-transition:opacity .3s ease-out;transition:opacity .3s ease-out;}#gs_alrt_w.gs_vis{opacity:1}#gs_alrt_p{position:absolute;top:-15px;right:0;width:100%;text-align:center;}#gs_alrt{display:inline-block;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;padding:0 16px 6px 16px;}#gs_alrt_m,#gs_alrt_u{display:inline-block;padding-top:7px;}#gs_alrt_l:link,#gs_alrt_l:visited{margin-left:16px;padding:7px 0 6px 0;color:#222;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{color:#1a0dab}#gs_alrt_l:active{color:#d14836}</style><div id="gs_alrt_w"><div id="gs_alrt_p"><form><input type="hidden" id="gs_alrt_ss"></form><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt" class="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><span id="gs_alrt_u" style="display:none"><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="gs_id('gs_alrt').submit();return false"></a></span></form></div></div><script>var gs_wa_h=0;function gs_wa_hf(){gs_wa_h++||gs_visi("gs_alrt_w",0);}function gs_wa_m(m,l,u,f) {var x,h,e;gs_id("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=m;if(l&&u&&f){x=gs_id("gs_alrt_l");"innerText" in x?(x.innerText=l):(x.textContent=l);gs_id("gs_alrt").action=u;h=gs_id("gs_alrt_h");h.innerHTML="";for(i in f){e=document.createElement("input");e.name=i;e.type="hidden";e.value=f[i];h.appendChild(e);}gs_visi("gs_alrt_u",2);} else {gs_visi("gs_alrt_u",0);}gs_visi("gs_alrt_w",1);gs_wa_h=0;setTimeout(gs_wa_hf,60000);}gs_evt_rdy(function(){var s,w=gs_id("gs_alrt_w");gs_evt(window,"pagehide",gs_bind(gs_vis,w,0));gs_evt(document,"click",gs_wa_hf);});</script><div id="gs_ab" role="navigation"><a id="gs_ab_na" href="/schhp?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><span class="gs_ico"></span>Scholar</a><div id="gsc_ab_btns"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/schhp?hl\x3den\x26oe\x3dASCII'" aria-label="Back to homepage" class="gs_btnBA gs_in_ib gs_btn_eml"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl"></span><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ttp"><span class="gs_aro"></span><span class="gs_aru"></span><span class="gs_txt">Back to homepage</span></span></span></button></div><div id="gsc_ab_rt"><div id="gsc_ab_rti"><span style="float:right" class="gsc_pgn"><span style="font-weight:bold;margin:0 8px;line-height:29px" class="gs_nph">1 - 10</span><button type="button" disabled class="gs_btnPL gs_in_ib gs_btn_half gs_btn_slt gs_dis"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl"></span><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_dis"></span></span></button><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dsearch_authors\x26hl\x3den\x26oe\x3dASCII\x26mauthors\x3dlabel:human_computer_interaction\x26after_author\x3dW5kKAFiF__8J\x26astart\x3d10'" class="gs_btnPR gs_in_ib gs_btn_half gs_btn_srt"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl"></span><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></button></span></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_lnv" role="navigation"></div><div id="gs_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_ccl"><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=h4i4fh8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=h4i4fh8AAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" alt="Ben Shneiderman"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=h4i4fh8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Ben Shneiderman</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Professor of Computer Science, University of Maryland</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at cs.umd.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@cs.umd.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 61615</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">human-computer interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:information_visualization">information visualization</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:social_media">social media</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=0gGww7sAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_150.jpg" alt="Yunyao Li"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=0gGww7sAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Yunyao Li</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Research Staff Member, IBM Research - Almaden</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at us.ibm.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@us.ibm.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 51499</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:database">Database</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:natural_language_processing">Natural Language Processing</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">Human Computer Interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:machine_learning">Machine Learning</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=x8dED5cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=x8dED5cAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" alt="Susan Dumais"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=x8dED5cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Susan Dumais</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Principal Researcher, Microsoft Research</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at microsoft.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@microsoft.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 42040</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:information_retrieval">Information Retrieval</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">Human-Computer Interaction</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=8Qu_gAMAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=8Qu_gAMAAAAJ&amp;citpid=3" alt="Sara Kiesler"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=8Qu_gAMAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Sara Kiesler</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Professor of Human Computer Interaction, Carnegie Mellon</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at cs.cmu.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@cs.cmu.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 37310</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">human-computer interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:collaboration">collaboration</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_robot_interaction">human-robot interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:social_computing">social computing</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:online_communities">online communities</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=Ll-b-IwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=Ll-b-IwAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" alt="Zhengyou Zhang"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=Ll-b-IwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Zhengyou Zhang</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Principal Researcher/Research Manager</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at microsoft.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@microsoft.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 35269</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:computer_vision_and_graphics">Computer Vision and Graphics</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:audio_and_signal_processing">Audio and Signal Processing</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">Human-Computer Interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:biology_inspired_machine_learning">Biology-inspired Machine Learning</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=gb8sbdcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=gb8sbdcAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" alt="Gregory D. Abowd"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=gb8sbdcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Gregory D. Abowd</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Regents&#39; and Distinguished Professor, School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at gatech.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@gatech.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 33459</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">Human-Computer Interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:mobile_and_ubiquitous_computing">Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=ccCNF08AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_150.jpg" alt="Stuart K. Card"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=ccCNF08AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Stuart K. Card</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Consulting Professor, Computer Science Dept., Stanford</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at cs.stanford.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@cs.stanford.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 32755</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">Human Computer Interaction</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=PH4mytYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=PH4mytYAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" alt="Joseph A. Konstan"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=PH4mytYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Joseph A. Konstan</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnestoa</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at umn.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@umn.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 32050</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">Human-Computer Interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:recommender_systems">Recommender Systems</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:social_computing">Social Computing</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:online_communities">Online Communities</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=oYIbFv0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=oYIbFv0AAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" alt="Eric Horvitz"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=oYIbFv0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Eric Horvitz</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Microsoft Research</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at microsoft.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@microsoft.com</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 31401</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en &amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:decision_science">decision science</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:machine_learning">machine learning</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">human-computer interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:healthcare">healthcare</a> </div></div></div><div class="gsc_1usr gs_scl"><div class="gsc_1usr_photo"><a href="/citations?user=7Mg8JZMAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"><img src="/citations?view_op=view_photo&amp;user=7Mg8JZMAAAAJ&amp;citpid=1" alt="John M. Carroll"></a></div><div class="gsc_1usr_text"><h3 class="gsc_1usr_name"><a href="/citations?user=7Mg8JZMAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">John M. Carroll</a></h3><div class="gsc_1usr_aff">Distinguished Professor of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State &hellip;</div><div class="gsc_1usr_eml">Verified email at psu.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_emlb">@psu.edu</div><div class="gsc_1usr_cby">Cited by 31397</div><div class="gsc_1usr_int"><a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:human_computer_interaction">Human-Computer Interaction</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:information_science">Information Science</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:computer_supported_collaborative_work">Computer-Supported Collaborative Work</a> <a class="gsc_co_int" href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;mauthors=label:community_informatics">Community Informatics</a> </div></div></div><div id="gsc_authors_bottom_pag" class="gs_scl"><span style="float:right" class="gsc_pgn"><span style="font-weight:bold;margin:0 8px;line-height:29px" class="gs_nph">1 - 10</span><button type="button" disabled class="gs_btnPL gs_in_ib gs_btn_half gs_btn_slt gs_dis"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl"></span><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_dis"></span></span></button><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dsearch_authors\x26hl\x3den\x26oe\x3dASCII\x26mauthors\x3dlabel:human_computer_interaction\x26after_author\x3dW5kKAFiF__8J\x26astart\x3d10'" class="gs_btnPR gs_in_ib gs_btn_half gs_btn_srt"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl"></span><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></button></span></div><div id="gs_ftr" role="contentinfo"><div style="margin:0 0 8px 0;color:#777;font-style:italic">Dates and citation counts are estimated and are determined automatically by a computer program.</div><div><a href="/intl/en/scholar/citations.html">Help</a> <a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a> <a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a> <a href="//support.google.com/scholar/contact/general">Provide feedback</a> <a href="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">My Citations</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_rdy"></div></body></html>20002000 02000

Statistics

Average successful run time: half a minute

Total run time: 41 minutes

Total cpu time used: 5 minutes

Total disk space used: 28.3 KB

History

  • Manually ran revision c599aff1 and completed successfully .
    nothing changed in the database
    2 pages scraped
  • Manually ran revision c599aff1 and completed successfully .
    nothing changed in the database
    1 page scraped
  • Manually ran revision c599aff1 and completed successfully .
    nothing changed in the database
    1 page scraped
  • Manually ran revision c599aff1 and completed successfully .
    nothing changed in the database
    1 page scraped
  • Manually ran revision e85d570f and failed .
    nothing changed in the database
  • ...
  • Created on morph.io

Show complete history

Scraper code

chi_abstracts